Indo-iranian_languages

The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages. It consists of four language groups: the Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Nuristani, and Dardic. The term Aryan languages is also used to refer to the Indo-Iranian languages Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide, by Jadranka (EDT) Gvozdanovic, Language Arts & Disciplines,1999, Page 221. The speakers of the Proto-Indo-Iranian language, the hypothetical Proto-Indo-Iranians, are usually associated with the late 3rd millennium BC Sintashta-Petrovka culture of Central Asia. Their expansion is believed to have been connected with the invention of the chariot.

The contemporary Indo-Iranian languages form the largest sub-branch of Indo-European, with more than one billion speakers in total, stretching from Europe (Romani) and the Caucasus (Ossetian) to East India (Bengali and Assamese). SIL in a 2005 estimate counts a total of 308 varieties, the largest in terms of native speakers being Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu, ca. 540 million), Bengali (ca. 200 million), Punjabi (ca. 80 million), Marathi and Persian (ca. 70 million each), Gujarati (ca. 45 million), Pashto (40 million), Oriya (ca. 40 million), Kurdish(ca. 40 million) and Sindhi (ca. 20 million ).

Subdivisions

Iranian Group:

• Eastern Iranian
  • Northeastern
    • Avestan (extinct)
    • Scythian (extinct)
      • Saka (extinct)
      • Ossetian
    • Sogdian (extinct)
      • Yaghnobi
    • Bactrian (extinct)
  • Southeastern
    • Pashto
    • Pamiri
• Western Iranian
  • Northwestern
    • Dari language of Zoroastrians
    • Balochi
    • Gilaki
    • Kurdish
    • Mazanadarani (Tapurian)
    • Parthian
    • Talysh
    • Zazaki
  • Southwestern ("Persid")
    • Old Persian (extinct)
      • Middle Persian (extinct)
        • New Persian (spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan)
      • Luri / Bakhtiari
      • Tat

Indo-Aryan Group:

• Vedic Sanskrit
• Sanskrit
• Pāli
• Central Zone
  • Hindustani
    • Hindi
    • Urdu
  • Romani/Romany
• Eastern Zone (Magadhan Prakrit languages)
  • Angika
  • Assamese
  • Bengali
  • Bhojpuri
  • Magadhi
  • Maithili
  • Oriya
• Northern Zone (Pahari languages)
  • Nepali
• Northwestern Zone
  • Punjabi
  • Sindhi
  • Khojki
  • Kutchi
  • Rajasthani
• Southern Zone
  • Dhivehi / Mahl
  • Sinhala
• Western Zone
  • Gujarati
  • Konkani
  • Marathi

Dardic languages (sometimes also classified as Indic):

• Dameli
• Domaaki
• Gawar-Bati
• Kalsha-mun
• Kashmiri
• Khowar
• Kohistani
• Ningalami
• Pashayi
• Palula
• Shina
• Shumashti

Nuristani languages:

• Ashkunu (Ashkun)
• Kamkata-viri (Bashgali)
• Vasi-vari (Prasuni)
• Tregami
• Kalasha-ala (Waigali)

References

Bibliography

• Chakrabarti,Byomkes (1994). A comparative study of Santali and Bengali. Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi & Co. ISBN 8170741289

See also

Look up Indo-Iranian Swadesh lists in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Language families and languages

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