HOME WEB NEWS IMAGES CLASSIFIEDS YELLOW PAGESPOLLS - SURVEYS WIKI COUNTRIES PHOTOS US UK INDIA
Cities Stocks Weather Movies Coupons Travel Blogs Health Horoscope Maps ASIA EUROPE Classifieds Yellow Pages
 1
|
| Hasan | |
|---|---|
| Born | 15 Ramadhan 3AH/624 AD Madina |
| Died | 28 Safar 50AH/669 AD Medina |
| Title | Mujtaba, Zaki, Taiyab |
| Parents | Ali ibn Abi Talib Fatimah bint Muhammad |
Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib (الحسن بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب) (Fifteenth of Ramadan, 3 AH – Twenty-eighth of Safar, 50 AH) [1] was the grandson of Muhammad, and was the son of Ali ibn Abi Talib (fourth Sunni Caliph and first Shia Imam) and Fatima Zahra (a daughter of Muhammad). He is an important figure in Islam as a member of the Ahl al-Bayt, the household of Muhammad . He is also regarded as the second Shi\'a Imam among Zaidi, Twelver, and Mustaali Shi\'a.
Contents |
Hasan ibn Ali (as) was born three years after the Hijra (624 CE) Kitab al-Irshad, Sheikh Mufid, the migration of the early Muslim community from Mecca to Medina. His parents were Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima Zahra bint Muhammad. Unfounded research claims Hasan ibn Ali was Muhammad’s first grandchild. According to Shi\'a tradition, he was named by his grandfather, who acted on divine inspiration. Hasan means "pleasant" or "handsome" in Arabic. Hasan ibn Ali and his younger brother, Husayn ibn Ali, are said to have been greatly beloved by their grandfather. There are numerous Hadiths (oral traditions) that affirm this claim. There are also Hadiths which states that Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali will be the leaders of the youth in paradise. Muhammad also said that Hasan and Hussain are Imams, whether they sit (agree to a peace treaty) or stand (go to war). Shi\'ahs and Sunnis believe that Hasan ibn Ali is one of the five persons included in the Hadith of The Cloak.
There are certain individuals who claim that Hasan had over 90 wives. Others say 40 and 70 and some also say 300. However this is false as in Islam you can only have 4 wives according to the Sharia law and can only marry 3 wives in one year. After the assassination of his father, the first Shia Imam, Ali ibn Abi Talib Hasan had 3 wives. Hasan was poisoned fourteen years after his father\'s demise. The maximum number of wives that he could have married were 42, according to Sharia, and that is if he did not have anything better to do than to marry wife after wife. However Hasan played a vital role in Shi\'ism and played a vital role in his treaties with Muawiyah I ibn Abu Sufyan, the father of Yazid ibn Muawiyah, a man who broke almost every Islamic law and who brutally ordred his 40 000 soldiers to kill the third Shia Imam Husayn ibn Ali alongside his 72 companions, who starved and drank no water for three days and yet they all fought bravely and managed to kill over 2000 enemy soldiers in The Battle of Karbala. Yazid was appointed successor by his father Muawiyah. Both Yazid and Muawiyah are considered hypocrites by all Shias as well as many Sunnis. The Shia view of Hasan\'s life exists in this article [Imam Hassan\'s Life] .
As a growing youth, Hasan saw the active role of his father, Ali ibn Abi Talib, in the battlefield defending Islam, as a preacher to a vast congregation of believers on the occasion of Hajj, and as a missionary of Islam to Yemen. After the death of his grandfather, Muhammad, he saw his father having retreated to a passive role in the matters of the state during the period of the first three caliphs. However, whenever he saw it necessary, Ali ibn Abi Talib never refrained from giving his opinion to the caliph of the time on matters of the practice of faith. He had also seen that the caliphs, in turn, respected Ali ibn Abi Talib for his overall knowledge, and consulted him on many occasions as the need arose.
When the third caliph was murdered by a mob of agitated demonstrators in his palace in Mad\'mah, and Ali ibn Abi Talib was elected to lead the Muslim nation, Hasan ibn Ali took active part in assisting his father in many ways. He went to Kufa and successfully raised the first army of believers against the dissenting Muslims. He participated actively in the battlefields of Basra, Siffin, and Nahrawan alongside his father, and demonstrated his skills as a soldier and as a leader.
Before he died, Ali ibn Abi Talib appointed Hasan to lead the nation of believers and to be their Imam after him. The people also chose him to be their Caliph.
Upon the death of Ali ibn Abi Talib in Kufa a new caliph should be chosen. As Ali declared in many occasions that just Ahl Al-Bayt of prophet were entitled to rule the Muslim community the choices restricted to Hasan and his brother Husayn. Thus Kufi Muslims pledge allegiance(bay\'ah) to his eldest son Hasan without dispute.Madlong, (1997) p. 313 - 314
This threatened Muawiyah I, who had been fighting Ali for the caliphate. Muawiyah summoned all the commanders of his forces in Syria, Palestine, and Transjordan to join him in preparation for war. He also attempted to negotiate with Hasan, sending the young heir letters asking him to give up his claim. If he could persuade Hasan to renounce his claim to the caliphate, then Muawiyah would certainly avoid the undesirable consequence of killing fellow Muslims, and would further support his claim to the caliphate. If Muawiyah was forced to defeat Hasan in battle, Muawiyah would gain absolute power, but questions regarding his legitimacy would linger.
Negotiations stalled, and Muawiyah marched against Hasan ibn Ali with an army claimed to number sixty thousand fighters Ibn A\'zham IV, p. 153. Other numbers: [3]. Hasan ibn Ali also marched his army towards Muawiyah. The two armies faced opposed near Sabat.
During this period of suspense, Hasan is reported to have given a sermon in which he proclaimed his hatred of schism and appealed to his men to follow his orders even if they did not agree to them. Some of the troops took this as a sign that Hasan was preparing to surrender; they rebelled on him and attacked him. Hasan was wounded, but his loyal soldiers surrounded him in protection and managed to kill the mutineers. Another one of Hasan’s commanders, Ubayd Allah Ibn Abbas, deserted him and joined Muawiyah’s forces.
The two armies fought a few inconclusive skirmishes. Muawiyah, distressed that the result of a battle would mean a loss of many men and a lack of people to go back and partake in caring for the people, and because of that he sent two men from Banu Quraish to Hasan ibn Ali in order to negotiate a settlement with Hasan ibn Ali and his followers.Sahih Bukhari 3:49:867 Hasan ibn Ali, wounded and facing disaffection in his own army, and desiring to end the long-fought civil wars, finally negotiated a settlement with Muawiyah. With regards to the negotiation, the prophet had prophesied earlier, saying, "It is this grandson of mine, on whose hands the two great armies from amongst the Muslims will stop fighting."
Muawiyah proceeded to Kufa and demanded that the Muslims there swear allegiance. He also asked Hasan ibn Ali to join him and support him in the fight against the rebellious Kharijites. Hasan ibn Ali is claimed to have written him in response: "I have abandoned the fight against you, even though it was my legal right, for the sake of peace and reconciliation of the nation. Do you think that I shall then fight together with you?" Madelung, 1997 pp. 324-325
Most caliph chronologies do not include Hasan ibn Ali. Hasan ibn Ali claimed the caliphate only briefly and was recognized by a half of the Islamic empire. Muawiyah forced him to resign. However, a handful of the older Sunni historians, such as Suyuti, Ibn al-Arabi, and Ibn Kathir accept Hasan ibn Ali as a caliph before Muawiyah
Examples of other brief and partially recognized caliphs include Muawiya II and Abd-Allah ibn Zubayr.. Twelver Shi\'a Muslims also regard Hasan ibn Ali as one of the twelve infallible imams.
Marwan I, who was the personal secretary to the third caliph, and had fought against Ali ibn Abi Talib during the Battle of Bassorah, was now the governor of Medina under Muawiyah. He took personal pleasure in discharging Muawiyah\'s wishes to slur the reputation of Hasan ibn Ali and his father. Needless to say that the life of Hasan ibn Ali in Medina after the peace treaty was not peaceful at all. In addition to the relentless taunts and abuse slung at him by Muawiyah, Hasan ibn Ali had to endure the anger of his supporters for having relinquished the Caliphate to the lifelong enemy of himself and that of his father before him. They had failed to appreciate that Hasan ibn Ali had given up his right in the larger interests of Islam, and to avoid further bloodshed of the Muslims.
|
Part of a series on
| |
|---|---|
|
Branches | |
| People of the House | |
|
Beliefs & Practices | |
|
Succession of Ali | |
|
See Also | |
Historians believe that Hasan ibn Ali died in Medina on Safar 28, 50 AH. He is buried at the famous Jannat al-Baqi cemetery across from the Masjid al-Nabawi, the Mosque of the Prophet.
These are two very sad events in the Islamic History. The Prophet Mohammad(sawaw) had a very difficult time during his last days when he was constantly disturbed by the shouting and quarreling people around him which gave him great suffering and pain and he had to ask them to leave him alone and go away. He asked the sahabas present there to bring him paper and pen so he could write instructions for them so they would not go astray after him. A group a Sahabas lead by the second caliph said that Prophet(sawaw) was overtaken with severe pain due to his illness and has lost consciousness. They quarreled with the others and did not bring anything to the Prophet(sawaw) to write despite his instructions. The Prophet(sawaw) ordered them to leave him alone.
Probably the most troublesome aspect of the wisal of the Prophet(sawaw) was the event of his namaz-e-janaza. Imam Ali(a.s.) led the prayers and only the handful true followers of the Prophet Mohammad(sawaw) were present and the rest of the PROMINENT and RESPECTFUL Sahabas were absent. They preferred to leave the dead body of the Prophet(sawaw) without Janaza and burial and go to Saqifa bani Saeda to distribute Khilafat among themselves.
Some early Arab historians, mostly of Shi\'ah tendency, give another account. They say that Muawiyah wished to pass the caliphate to his own son Yazid ibn Muawiyah, and saw Hasan ibn Ali as an obstacle to his plans. And thus Muawiyah plotted to kill Hasan ibn Ali. He secretly contacted Hasan ibn Ali\'s wife Ja\'da bint al-Ash\'ath ibn Qays, and instigated her to poison her husband. Ja\'da did as Muawiyah suggested, giving her husband poison mixed with honey. Madelung (pp. 331-333) notes other traditions suggesting that Hasan ibn Ali had been poisoned by another wife, the daughter of Suhayl ibn Amr, or perhaps by a servant. Madelung also cites the early historians (Baladhuri, Waqidi, etc.) who recounted these traditions. Madelung, who is more accepting of Shi\'a traditions than most Western academic historians, believes that Hasan ibn Ali was poisoned and that the famous early Islamic historian al-Tabari suppressed the tale out of concern for the faith of the common people. (Madelung pp. 331-332)
Shi\'ahs believe that Ja\'da was promised gold and marriage to Yazid. Seduced by the promise of money and power, she poisoned her husband, and then hastened to the court of Muawiyah in Damascus to receive her reward. Muawiyah reneged on his promises and married her to another man. [4], [5], [6], [7]
Hasan ibn Ali, before his death, asked to be buried next to his grandfather, Muhammad. However, Aisha, one of Muhammad\'s widows, refused to let Hasan ibn Ali to be buried next to Muhammad\'s tomb.Few believe that it was Marwan who prevented Hasan ibn Ali\'s his right.Marwan requested Aisha to allow his relative Uthman ibn Affan to be buried beside the Prophet if she allows Hasan ibn Ali to be buried there.On the contrary, Aisha was aware of Marwan\'s treachery from the past so she refused to accept his plan, and further did not allow anyone else to be buried beside the Prophet. Then Marwan who had been appointed by Muawiya I as the governor of Madina, sent soldiers to prevent Hasan ibn Ali\'s burial next to Muhammad.This is not true because Uthman ibn Affan was killed in 656 and Hasan died in 669. [8] Hasan ibn Ali\'s family was thus forced to bury him elsewhere, and so they buried him in Jannat al-Baqi.
Sunni Muslims honor --- Hasan ibn Ali because he is from Ahl al-Bayt. Certain Sunni scholars of the past also are of the opinion of him being the fifth caliph, before Muawiyah, because of his appointment by Ali.
Muawiyah was successful in deceitfully gaining the absolute power he had aspired for. He was not interested in the functions of preaching piety or theology. He was interested in expanding his sphere of influence in the territories already conquered by the Muslims, and was actively engaged in further conquests to the north and north west of Syria. In utter violation of the terms of the Treaty with Hasan ibn Ali, Muawiyah decided to name his son Yazid to succeed him after his death. He knew that Yazid lacked all qualifications to be a caliph for the Muslims and to represent Muhammad. He also knew that Hasan ibn Ali, being a true representative of Muhammad, would oppose the nomination of his son. Consequently, he decided to eliminate the opposition.
Muawiyah solicited the services of Marwan ibn al-Hakam, a son-in-law of Uthman ibn Affan, who was the governor of Medina at that time. With a promise for a reward, Marwan approached one of the wives of the Imam, Ju\'da binte al-Ash\'ath ibn Qays to poison Hasan ibn Ali. He was successful, and Hasan ibn Ali died as a result of this plot.
Before Hasan ibn Ali died, in accordance with the Will of Allah, named his brother, Hussain ibn Ali to be the next Imam. He expressed his wish to his brother to bury his body near to the grave of his grandfather, Muhammad. This caused an armed opposition by the governor of Medina. Under a shower of arrows, the funeral procession of Hasan ibn Ali had to withdraw and be diverted to Jannat al-Baqi, the general graveyard of Medina, where he was buried.
Shi\'ahs hold Hasan ibn Ali in a very high positive view, like the Sunnis, except that Shi\'ahs regard Hasan ibn Ali as their second Imam. Both Sunnis and Shi\'ahs regard him as a martyr. According to Shi’ahs Hasan ibn Ali married four women:
On the 28th of Safar in 50th A.H., Imam Hasan(a.s.) visited the grave of his mother and his grand father(sawaw). When Imam Hasan(a.s.) returned to his home in the evening, he knew of the intentions of Jada binte Ashas. He asked her to bring milk and do what she had in her mind. As soon as Imam Hasan(a.s.) drank a little bit of the milk, the poison started making its effect and the pieces of his liver came out of his mouth.
Seeing this, his other wife Umm-e-Farwa – the mother of Hazrat Qasim(a.s.) - rushed towards him. It was already night and she was very worried. She asked Qasim to go and inform the sisters of Imam Hasan(a.s.). Qasim was only about 3 or 4 years so he said how would I tell them what had happened so Umm-e-Farwa told him that his condition would tell all the story. She tore off the dress of Qasim, took off his little turban and poured mud in his hair. Then asked him to go to the nearby house of Bibi Zainab(s.a.) and Bibi Umm-e-Kulsoom(a.s.).
The daughters of Imam Ali(a.s.) were preparing for the namaz-e-shab when Qasim(a.s.) knocked the door. When they saw him in this state, they started weeping and asked him what had happened. Qasim(a.s.) told them that his father is in his last moments in this world. They were the daughters of Imam Ali(a.s.) so they knew what had happened. They hurriedly reached the house of Imam Hasan(a.s.). Imam(a.s.) asked Bibi Umm-e-Farwa to hide the milk pot so his sisters would not see his blood in it. Daughters of Imam Ali(a.s.) said please don’t hide the pieces of our brother from us, we have come to collect them in our hijab and would preserve them.
Imam Hasan(a.s.) gathered all his relatives and appointed Imam Hussain(a.s.) as the next Imam by the will of Allah(swt). He asked Imam Hussain(a.s.) to try to bury him next to the Prophet Mohammad(sawaw) but if that were not possible then not to harm anyone and bury him in Jannatul Baqi. He breathed his last in the night of 28th Safar.
Imam Hussain(a.s.) took out the funeral of his brother with some of his companions but for the first time in history the janaza of a muslim was returned back without burial and the slain body of Imam Hasan(a.s.) was riddled with arrows. Both the brother Imams had arrows in their destiny – the only difference was that arrows were in the body of Imam Hasan(a.s.) but Imam Hussain(a.s.)’s body was on arrows.
All brothers and sisters of Imam Hasan(a.s.) then sat together to take out the arrows one by one weeping and shouting aloud – wa Muhammada, wa Hasana, wa musibata.
Ala lanatullahe alal quamiz zalimin. Sayalamul lazina zalamu ayya munqalabi yanqaliboon. Inna lillahe wa inna ilehe rajeoon
| Preceded by Ali ibn Abu Talib | Shia Imam 661–669 | Succeeded by Husayn ibn Ali |
Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521646960.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from Wikipedia
